›British Colonies Grow
›13
is the lucky number!
›Why
leave Europe?
›Conflict over religion
›Search for political freedom
›Widespread unemployment
›Economic upheaval
›Conflict
over religion
›Protestant Reformation placed Catholics
and Protestants at odds with one another
›Martin Luther,
Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin – spread
Protestantism throughout Europe
›England broke with the Catholic Church in
1534 under Henry VIII
›Englishmen objected to the Anglican
Church – called Dissenters
›Separatists, Puritans, and others sought
freedom from persecution by going to the New World
›Search
for Political Freedom
›Political problems in England came to a
boiling point with the Stewart kings
›James I thought of himself as an absolute
monarch and that he was not responsible to an earthly power for his actions
›The problem became worse with Charles I,
son of James I, came to the throne in 1625 – for 11 years Charles refused to
call Parliament into session
›English
Civil War
›The English Civil War broke out in 1642
between the Cavaliers (Loyalists) and the Roundheads (Puritans)
›The war ended in 1649 with Charles I
being beheaded for treason
›Puritans ruled England for the next 11
years with Oliver Cromwell as their leader until his death in 1658
›Which ever group was in charge,
persecuted the group that was on the outs at the time
›Widespread
Unemployment
›1500’s and 1600’s many large estates
converted to raising sheep and forced farming tenants off the land
›Displaced farmers went to towns and
villages to find work – not enough for all of them – many turned to criminal
activity to find food, slept in doorways, etc.
›No all turned to crime, large numbers of
them signed contracts to be indentured servants
›Indentured servants worked for a set
period to time to pay back their passage
›Then they were free to become landowners
on their own
›Economic
Upheaval
›Inflation was rising quickly due to gold
and silver flowing into Spain from the New World
›As prices continued to rise, many of the
poor could afford less and less – leading to poverty
›English businessmen such as merchants,
traders, and manufacturers made money, which they in turn invested in New World
adventures
›Pilgrims
arrive in the wrong place!
›Band of Pilgrims made up of Strangers and
Separatists
›Separatists were religious dissenters who
refused to follow the teachings of the Anglican Church
›Strangers were not Separatists but joined
the voyage for a host of reasons
›Separatists were persecuted in England;
removed to Holland where they had religious freedom; then received permission
to settle in Virginia
›Mayflower blown off course – landed on
rocky coast of what would become New England
›Mayflower
Compact
›Arrived in the New World without a form
of government
›Separatists wrote and signed the Compact
and all agreed to be submissive and obedient to the laws they would pass for
themselves
›While the Compact was not a form of
government, it was another beginning in North America for self government
›Plymouth
›Choose the site that had been named
Plymouth by English explorers
›Plymouth Advantages: good harbor, fresh
water, easily defended hill, and already cleared fields since it had once been
a Native village
›Began to build the first house on
December 25, 1620
›HELP!!!!
›Half of the colony died the first winter
›Squanto and other Natives helped them to
survive
›Massasoit, local Native chief, did not
oppose them due to his small numbers
›November, 1621 – held their
first Thanksgiving
›1691 – Plymouth became a part of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
›Puritans
›Puritans were religious dissenters in
England
›Unlike the Separatist, they wanted to
remain in the Anglican Church, but they wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church;
hence; they were named Puritans
›Charles I persecuted them in England
›1629 – they secured a charter from
Charles I to establish a colony in the New world
›They became a self-governing colony
›Massachusetts
Bay Colony
›Puritans began to arrive in the summer of
1630 – almost a 1,000 arrived aboard 17 ships
›Puritans were well stocked with supplies
and tradesmen; they were not penniless refugees as the Pilgrims had been
›They quickly spread up the coast from
Plymouth and built villages such as Boston, Salem, etc.
›By 1640 – 20,000 Puritans has arrived in
the colony
›Puritan
Government
›They wanted to build a shining city on a
hill and develop a perfect world
›Religion and government continued to
exist together
›Only property owners and church members
were allowed to vote
›The religious government controlled every
aspect of life
›Established the General Court which
operated under the idea of representative government
›Rhode
Island
›Roger Williams was a Puritan minister of
Salem, Massachusetts
›Taught that colonists had no right to
their land unless they bought it from the Natives
›Argued every individual had the right to
worship as he pleased
›Argued for the separation of Church and
State
›Puritan authorities decided to send him
back to England for trial, except he escaped
›1636, he founded the settlement of
Providence with friends who agreed with him from Massachusetts
›1644 – Williams procured a charter for
the Colony of Rhode Island
›Colony offered freedom of religion
›Connecticut
›Rev. Thomas Hooker and his church members
petitioned the General Court for permission to move out the established
Massachusetts area – granted
›Founded the settlement of Hartford
›1639 – settlements adopted the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which functioned as the plan of government
›1662 – secured a charter from King
Charles II; charter gave settlers the right to govern themselves
›New
Hampshire
›1622 – the right to settle this area was
granted to John Mason
›Settlers came in from Massachusetts
›Massachusetts exercised control over the
area
›1679 – New Hampshire received a charter
from Charles II and became a royal colony
›New
England Colonies
›Massachusetts
›Rhode Island
›Connecticut
›New Hampshire
›Maine was part of Massachusetts until
1820 – not one of the original 13 colonies in British America
›Middle
Colonies
›New York
›New Jersey
›Pennsylvania
›Delaware
›New
Netherland
›1609 – Henry Hudson, an Englishmen,
exploring for the Dutch East India Company explored the river that still bears
his name today – the Hudson River
›Dutch traders made voyages to the area
and reported favorable aspects for colonization of the area
›The Dutch West India Company was
organized and received a charter from the government of the Netherlands
›At the southern tip of Manhattan Island,
they planted the settlement of New Amsterdam
›Forts and trading posts were established
on the Hudson, Connecticut, and Delaware Rivers
›1629 the Dutch West India Company offered
large tracts of land to any member of the company who, within four years,
settled at least 50 tenants on his estate
›These large landowners were called patroons,
function as a feudal lord
›Colony grew slowly because of the lack on
interest the Dutch had to live under feudal lords – never more than 10,000
›New Amsterdam held the largest number of
people with 18 various languages being spoken there
›England
takes New Netherland
›New Netherland posed the following
threats to the English:
1.From strategic armed base at new
Amsterdam, Dutch warships could strike English vessels
2.Dutch controlled the trade on three vital
river valleys
3.1655 – Dutch seized Swedish settlements
in New Sweden – strengthening their position in North America
4.By controlling the Hudson, they had a
passage into the Great Lakes area where the Natives traded furs with the Dutch.
Fur trade was a very valuable trade to control.
›England
seizes New Netherland
›1664 – English fleet sailed into the
mouth of the Hudson River, during the reign of Charles II
›Peter Stuyvesant, Dutch governor, was
forced to haul down the Dutch flag
›Without a shot being fired, England had
taken Netherland
›Now is was clear that England would
control the East Coast of North America
›New
Jersey
›Charles II presented New Netherland to
his brother James, the Duke of York
›It is James that named the area New York
›James gave away sections of the land to
his friends
›His largest gift, being of New Jersey
went to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
›1664 – New Jersey was a wilderness with
only a few hundred settlers
›Berkeley and Carteret attempted to gain
more settlers for their area, but to no avail
›The land known as New Jersey was owned by
several people in the late 1600s
›1702 – King of England stepped in and
claimed New Jersey as a royal colony
›Pennsylvania
›William Penn had all the advantages
possible as a son of an English admiral
›It appeared that he would have a role at
Court, but the did not happen when he converted to the Society of Friends or
Quakers
›Penn’s father was shocked that his son
would join such a group – the Quakers, at this time, was one of the most
disliked religious groups in England
›Quakers were pacifist, refused to bow
before the King, etc.
›Penn’s father forgave him and left him a
large inheritance, among it was a debt that Charles II owed his father
›Penn and the King settled the issue by
Charles II granting a charter to Penn giving him full ownership, proprietary
colony, of a large tract of land
›Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania
as a place for Quakers to remove too in order live without being harrassed
›Pennsylvania also granted freedom of
religion
›Penn offered 500 acres of free land to
any family who would establish their home in the Colony
›Settlers poured in by the thousands –
Quakers from England; Swiss and German Protestants, Catholics, Jews from many
countries of Europe.
›Penn dealt fairly with the Natives
›Pennsylvania developed more rapidly than
any of the other Colonies
›Middle
Colonies
›Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and
New York – among the most prosperous
›Philadelphia was the largest and busiest
sea port in America; New York was a close
second
›Middle Colonies were known as the
“breadbasket” of the New World
›Not only was agriculture a major pursuit,
but also known for iron mines, shipyards, and the manufacture of glass, paper,
and textiles
›Middle Colonies were the true “melting
pots” of different nations and cultures
›Maryland
›Sir George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore,
wanted to create a colony as a refuge for persecuted Catholics, but with no
restrictions upon Protestants
›First Lord Baltimore died before he could
accomplish this, but the Second Lord Baltimore, his son, was successful in
developing the colony his father had hoped for
›1634 – 200 settlers established St.
Mary’s
›Protestants outnumbered Catholics, Lord
Baltimore secured the passage of the Toleration Act of 1649, which guaranteed
religious toleration to everyone who believed in Jesus Christ
›Only Christians were permitted to settle
in Maryland
›Maryland functioned as a Proprietary
Colony
›Carolina
›1663 and 1665– Charles II granted
Carolina to the Eight Lords Proprietors, this included all the territory from
Virginia to Spanish Florida, and westward to the Great South Sea
›From the beginning Carolina started
dividing into two separate areas
›North Carolina was the northern section
settled primarily by people moving south from Virginia `
›The pine forests of North Carolina
provided naval stores – tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, which were all needed by
the English Royal Navy (England has been purchasing these items from
Scandinavian countries
›Develop of North Carolina was hindered by
the lack of a deep water sea port
›South Carolina proved more attractive to
settlers coming from Europe
›Established the major settlement of
Charlestown (Charleston)
›South Carolina grew rice in the coastal
plain
›The Proprietors failed to establish a
honest government in Carolina
›South and North Carolina started the
process of dividing in 1719
›The lack of good government and harsh
conditions often saw revolts by colonists in North Carolina
›1729 – Proprietors sold 7 of the 8 shares
of Carolina back to the Crown
›Lord Granville refused to sell his share
and Granville’s District was laid off in northern North Carolina
›North and South Carolina became a royal
colony with representative assembllies
›Georgia
›1732 – charter was granted that
established Georgia as a buffer between the Spanish to the south and the other
English colonies to the North
›The colony was established by people who
were allowed to leave Debtor’s Jail
›James Oglethorpe saw an opportunity for
these people to have a new start
›1733 the first settlement, Savannah, was
established
›Each settler was to receive 50 acres of
land
›Slavery and rum were not to be allowed in
the colony
›1752 – Georgia became a royal colony
›Many people were sent to Georgia instead
of Debtor’s Prison
›Oglethorpe will live to see Georgia
declare its independence in 1776
›Tobacco plantations were established in
Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina
›Rice plantations were established along
the coastal lowlands of South Carolina
›In order to solve the labor shortage, the
enslavement of Africans became entrenched in the colonies 1650-1680
›Georgia eventually did allow both slavery
and rum to enter
›Slavery was legal in all colonies, but
the most profitable in the south where crops were exported in large numbers
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