HUS I and US I 10-3-14

—New Tensions Strain
 Old Loyalties

—Unit 3

—1763

—Great Britain had won over its rivals

—Great Britain now could claim an empire that circled the globe

—Battered units of the British army and navy were returning home to their families

—British military personnel were being sent to far-flung outposts of the empire

—French statesman Count Vergennes – “The American colonies stand no longer in need of England’s protecting.  She will call on them to help contribute toward supporting the burden they have helped to bring on her, and they will answer by striking off all dependence.”

—War Debt

—British had fought four costly wars between 1689 and 1763

—The Seven Years War had seen British troops fighting in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa

—All of these years had left Great Britain heavily in debt

—British government now needed even more money to maintain the military and naval defenses of its expanding worldwide empire

—British leaders expected the American colonies, who were also subjects of the king, to help pay the war debts and the cost of their defense

—British government now had to collect more taxes from their American colonists

—Florida and Canada

—Governments of Florida and Canada had to be reorganized

—Spaniards and Frenchmen, long time enemies, were now British subjects

—British subjects in name only

—How could they be made loyal subjects?

—What kind of government would work best in these newly acquired regions?

—Western Lands

—Government had to be organized for the wilderness beyond the Appalachian Mountains

—All semblance of law and order had vanished since the defeat of the French

—1763 – Natives, fearful of British colonists crossing the Appalachians and destroying their hunting grounds, rose up in revolt under the leadership of Pontiac

—For nearly a year, settlers fled eastward as flames of their burning cabin and war whoops range all around them

—Claims to the Western Lands

—How to deal with western lands? 

—1) Led by the Hudson Bay Company who was only interested in the fur trade; thus, urged the government to keep settlers from moving across the mountains

—2) Colonists urged the government to do all it could to develop the western lands as a farming region

—3) several colonies claim to own the lands beyond the Appalachians; these claims were based on the original charters with such phrases as “from sea to sea”

—Opposing Views

—George III, surrounded by yes men, viewed the colonies as only dependencies of Great Britain

—British pointed out that they had saved the colonists from the French and Indians; that the British army and navy protected the colonies; therefore, the colonists should help pay part of the cost for protecting them

—Colonists – the war was now over and they simply wanted to be left alone to pursue their own interests without being bothered with problems of holding the empire together

—George III

—Came to the throne in 1760 at the death of George II

—Died mentally insane in 1820

—Proclamation of 1763

—Announced by George III

—All lands west of the Appalachian Mountains in the area formerly claimed by France now belonged to the British Crown

—Ordered all settlers to withdraw temporarily to the east of a line along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains (Proclamation Line)

—This would reduce tension between the colonists and the Natives

—Royal control was extended over the fur trade of the entire western region, no trader was permitted to cross the mountains without the permission of British officials

—Average Englishman saw this as reasonable

—Americans, eager to settle this land, were filled with resentment of this Proclamation

—Proclamation Line of 1763

—Sugar Act of 1764

—Parliament hoped to raise money toward the expenses of “protecting and securing” the colonies against attack

—Duty placed on molasses, sugar, and other products imported from palaces outside the British Empire

—Naval patrols began to inspect ships entering harbors

—Royal inspectors started searching warehouse and even private residences for smuggled goods

—Collectors offered a share of the confiscated goods if they turned in their friends and neighbors

—Interfered with the business fo colonial merchants, ship owners, and distillers of rum – all of whom had been earning profits on duty-free molasses from the French, Dutch, and Spanish islands in the Caribbean

—Primarily affected the New England colonies

—Currency Act of 1764

—Forbid the colonies from issuing paper money

—All taxes must be paid in gold or silver coin

—“hard” money had always been hard to come in the colonies

—Quartering Act of 1765

—Parliament enacted an act requested by General Tomas Gage, commander in chief of the British forces in America, that required  colonial authorities to provide barracks and supplies for British troops  stationed in America 

—A 10,000 man standing army was to be sent to keep the peace between the colonists and Natives

—Affected New England – particular Boston area

—Other colonies saw it as not applying  to them

—Stamp Act of 1765

—Designed to raise revenue for the defense of the colonies

—Named as such because all documents or materials had to bear a stamp showing the tax had been paid

—College diplomas, playing cards, newspapers, advertisements, deeds, marriages, wills – all fell under the Stamp Act

—George Grenville, British prime minster, announced in 1764 that he intended to ask Parliament to impose a stamp act; however, Parliament did not act until 1765

—This gave the colonists a year to propose an alternative tax that was more agreeable to them – they did not

—Parliament was amazed at the outcry from the colonies because of the year and the fact that Parliament argued that the colonists had always paid revenue to support the empire

—Colonists argued that the revenues raised before had been done by imposing indirect taxes that were hidden in the price of the goods and only the people who purchased the goods had to pay the tax

—Colonists argued that this was a direct tax which individuals must pay directly to the government

—Up until this time, any direct tax had been levied by the colonial assemblies and were paid by the colonists because they had elected the assemblies; therefore, they had a voice/representation

—The colonies did not have representatives in Parliament; therefore, they had no voice/representation in the Stamp Act

—The watch words became “taxation without representation”

—The British argument was that Parliament represented and spoke for all British subjects

—One Penny Stamp showing that the tax had been paid

—The Stamp Act was passed in Parliament

—Opposition to the Stamp Act

—Colonial assemblies produced resolutions condemning the Stamp Act

—Colonial assemblies declared that all taxes were illegal except those levied by representatives of the people in their own legislatures/assemblies

—Stamp Act Congress, October, 1765

—Delegates from 9 colonies met in New York

—They first asserted their loyalty to the king and promised “all due subordination” to Parliament

—Delegates vowed resistance to all taxes levied without the consent of their own colonial legislatures

—New York City’s City Hall is where the Stamp Act Congress meet

—Nonimportation Agreements

—Merchants and leading citizens signed nonimportation agreements where in they promised not to buy or import British goods

—Within a few months products from Great Britain had almost vanished from store shelves

—Patrick Henry, Virginia

—"Caesar," said he, "had his Brutus, Charles his Cromwell, and (pausing) George the third (here a cry of treason, treason was heard, supposed to issue from the chair, but with admirable presence of mind he proceeded) may profit by their examples. Sir, if this be treason," continued he, "make the most of it.“

—John Burk, History of Virginia (1805)

—Patrick Henry was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and opposed the Stamp Act

—He delivered his famous “Caesar and Brutus Speech” during these debates

—Portrait of Patrick Henry as Governor of Virginia

—Sons of Liberty

—Organized by townsmen as a secret society to demonstrate their dislike of the Stamp Act by rioting in large towns, destroyed the offices of stamp tax collectors, burned stamps in the streets, pillaged the house of royal official, and applied tar and feather to citizens sympathetic to Great Britain

—They argued they were battling for their rights as Englishmen

—Membership was a guarded secret

—During a series of protests linked to the Sons of Liberty, colonists burn and sack the house of the Massachusetts lieutenant governor, Thomas Hutchinson.

—Protesting against the Stamp Act

—Stamp Act is Repealed

—Parliament and George III were shocked that the colonies protested the Stamp Act

—British merchants were also shocked, because the nonimportation agreements had brought British-American trade almost to a standstill

—Merchants faced with financial ruin demanded Parliament repeal the Stamp Act

—Influential men who were sympathetic to the colonists called for a repeal as well

—Edmund Burke , statesman and writer, expressed pride in the men who would thus oppose an “illegal” measure

—William Pitt, the Younger, future PM, declared, “I rejoice that America has resisted.”

—Under this heavy pressure, Parliament backed down and repealed the Stamp Act in 1766

—Rejoicing Colonists

—The news was received with widespread joy and relief

—British businessmen and American merchants were overjoyed with the news of the repeal

—Members of Parliament turned upon George Grenville, the PM responsible for the Act, and forced him to resign

—Declaratory Act of 1766

—Most missed this act passed by Parliament in conjunction with the repeal of the Stamp Act

—Parliament asserted its “full power and authority to make laws to bind the colonies and people of American…in all cases whatsoever.”

—The basic questions remained unanswered:

—Did the British Parliament have the right to make laws for the colonists and to tax them when they had no elected representatives in Parliament?

—Townshend Act, 1767

—Parliament once again attempted to collect duties from the American colonies

—Charles Townshend, a member of the House of Commons,  lead Parliament to pass this act which would once again collect “indirect” taxes

—Parliament hoped that this route would not cause the same issues as the Stamp Act

—Townshend Act levied import duties on articles of everyday use in America – wine, tea, paper, glass, lead, and painters colors

—The act included Writs of Assistance

—Part of the money was to be used to pay colonial governors and thus prevent the colonial assemblies from withholding a governor’s salary

—Charles Townshend 

—Parliament

—Writs of Assistance

—In order to put teeth into the law  - they legalized writs of assistance

—Writs of assistance were written statements giving government officials the legal right to search a man’s ship, his business, or his home

—Writs allowed these officials to ransack the place with the hope of finding smuggled goods

—American merchants had been arguing that the use of writs was illegal and an invasion of their rights as Englishmen

—Opposition to the Townshend Act

—New Yorkers refused to provide living quarters for British soldiers who enforced the law – Parliament answered by dissolving the New York Assembly – depriving New Yorkers of their rights to representative government

—Angry pamphlets, resolutions, and petitions were drafted, published and sent to Parliament and the king

—Massachusetts legislature drafted a letter to the other colonies, urging them to unite for resistance

—Assemblies of Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia endorsed the letter – again Parliament dissolved the legislatures of these colonies

—Resolutions of the Virginia House of Burgesses

—Introductory statement by George Washington in which he referred to “our lordly masters in Great Britain”

—Claimed, once again, only colonial legislatures had the right to levy taxes on the colonists

—These resolutions summed up the entire colonial answer to the Townshend Act and the Writs of Assistance

—Direct Action and Violence

—Nonimportation Agreements were signed again – they had worked with the Stamp Act

—Mobs smashed up revenue cutters (armed ships used to enforce custom laws and to arrest smugglers), attacked British customs officials, tar and feathered anyone who dared to inform on smugglers

—Bostonians taunted the soldiers by calling them “lobsters”, “redcoats”, and “bloody backs”

—Now and then patrols were attacked with snow balls containing rocks

—Tensions built, and then an incident finally occurred

—The Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770

—a mob started to gather and taunt a sentry at the Boston Custom House, then they started throwing rocks and sticks

—Captain Thomas Preston came to the sentry’s rescue with 8 British soldiers

—Now the mob had a small unit of British to yell at, the crowd grew as they called the British all kinds of names and started throwing snowballs with rocks in them, sticks, stones from the street

—The crowd pushed in; the soldiers panicked and fired into the crowd

—Propaganda

—Five Americans died and seven were wounded

—Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty used this as propaganda to advance their cause of separation from England

—Sam Adams called it the “Boston Massacre” and Paul Revere engraved a picture of the event so it could be reproduced numerous times and sent to all the colonies

—Every individual is entitled to a fair trial

—The soldiers were tried and John Adams, a patriot, took the case to represent them

—Adams argued that the soldiers had only defended themselves against an angry mob

—The jury found six of the soldiers not guilty; two were found guilty of manslaughter and were branded on their thumbs

—Repeal

—1770 – Lord Frederick North became PM, he urged Parliament to repeal the Townshend Act

—Lord North pointed out that the nonimportation agreements were once again ruining British merchants

—Parliament repealed the Townshend Act and allowed the Quartering Act to expire; however, the tax on tea remained

—Calm Before the Storm

—1771 – 1773 was a period of relative peace in the colonies and between the colonies and Great Britain

—Trade reached its highest peak at about L4 milli0n per year – all appeared to be going well

—1772 – Massachusetts Assembly established a Committee of Correspondence to discover the early movements of Parliament and then to spread that information to all other colonies.  Also a way for the colonies to follow the same tactics in opposing British policy that was deemed as “against” the colonies and to spread propaganda

—These Committees of Correspondence became the beginning of the American Union

—…and then the calm was broken….

—Tea Act of 1773

—Tea Act of 1773 – gave a monopoly in the tea trade to the East India Company – thus making them the only company eligible to sell tea in the Colonies

—The East India Company only had 17 million pounds of unsold tea

—The tea could only be sold to British merchants – who would sale the tea cheaper than it had been before

—Protests broke out, especially in the Boston area as the Sons of Liberty, a small, liberal group of men aggravated the situation

—December, 1773 – The Boston Tea Party staged by the Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea, which brought condemnation from Parliament and King

—Boston Tea Party courtesy of the Sons of Liberty

—Why Protest????

—By now many colonists were opposed any taxes imposed by Parliament

—Granted a monopoly to the East India Company

—If a monopoly was granted to one British Company, was it not reasonable to expect that other monopolies would soon be granted to other British companies????????

—Intolerable Acts of 1774

—Parliament, by overwhelming majority, passed four measures designed to discourage further violence and to strengthen the power of British officials over the colonists

—Boston Port Bill or Coercive Acts 1774 – stated that Boston Port, the busiest in the colonies, would be closed from all traffic entering or leaving the Port until the tea that was destroyed was paid for

—Revoked the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 and forbade the Massachusetts colonist from holding town meetings

—New Quartering Act – required colonist to provide food and housing for British soldiers sent to American to enforce the laws

—British officials in Massachusetts charged with crimes committed while enforcing British laws could have their cased tried, not in that colony, but in England

—Quebec Act of 1774

—Enlarged the province of Quebec – southern boundary of Canada would be the Ohio River and the western boundary would be the Mississippi River

—French laws would continue and French Canadians who were Roman Catholics were granted religious freedom

—Colonists were angered and viewed the Quebec Act as an attempt to punish them by destroying the claims of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia to the western lands

—Map after the Quebec Act

—Reaction to the Intolerable Acts

—It became clear that Great Britain intended to enforce the Intolerable Acts

—General Gage, commander of British forces in North America, was named governor of Massachusetts and sent reinforcements to uphold laws with physical force

—George III declared that, “The New England governments are in a state of rebellion.  Blows must  decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent.”

—“Give me Liberty or give me Death”

—The Virginia Convention met in Richmond at St. John’s Church to discuss the blockading of Boston Harbor

—Patrick Henry presented a resolution to arm the Virginia Militia – this could be seen as treason

—Members spoke against such a move

—Henry decided he would have to defend his resolution with a speech – his most famous one that ended with the historical phrase

—Virginia Convention voted 60 to 61

—Give me Liberty, or Give me Death!

—First Continental Congress

—Peyton Randolph of Williamsburg, VA chosen president

—Convened in Philadelphia – September – October 1774

—Wanted to make a clear statement of colonial rights

—Wanted to place economic pressure on Parliament

—Wanted to develop a stronger colonial union with the term “United Colonies”

—Drew up a Declaration of Rights and Grievances

—Petitioned the King for his support

—Adopted the Continental Association which was a complete non-importation, non-exportation, non-consumption agreement; trade between England and her colonies dropped 97% within a year

—Agrees to give a year for the Crown to make changes before they were scheduled to meet again in the spring of 1775

—Peyton Randolph of Williamsburg

—Some believe that had Peyton Randolph lived, he would have been the first president of the United States instead of George Washington

—Response from both sides

—Parliament refused to repeal the Intolerable Acts until the colonists paid for the tea that had been destroyed

—Colonial leaders refused to pay for anything until Great Britain repealed the Intolerable Acts

—Few were ready for independence, but they viewed their actions as preserving their rights as Englishmen